Remembering General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton KCSI: Bio graphy and Legacy on india@75

Jul 19, 2021 - 14:41
Jul 19, 2021 - 14:44
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Remembering General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton KCSI: Bio graphy and Legacy on india@75

Arthur Cotton was born on 15 May 1803 at Combermere, the tenth son of Henry Calvely Cotton, uncle of the noted Field Marshal Lord Combermere, and one of eleven brothers. In 1818, aged 15, he became a cadet at the East India Company's military seminary at Addiscombe, Surrey.

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He passed out in December 1819 and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Madras Engineer Group. He started his career with the Ordnance Survey at Bangor, North Wales, in January 1820, where he was praised for his reports. In 1821 he was appointed for service in India, where he was initially attached to the Chief Engineer to Madras.

He was later appointed as an Assistant Engineer to Superintending Engineer of the Tank Department. Arthur Cotton 1900.jpg Cotton conducted a marine survey of the Pamban passage between India and Ceylon. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1828 and was put in charge of the investigation for the Cauveri Scheme.

He started working to remove the soil settling in Kallanai Dam and with the model of the dam he built the Upper Dam in Cauveri in Mukkombu, near Tiruchirapalli. He constructed the Lower Anaicut Dam in Anaikarai.

The success of these projects paved the way for further important projects on the Godavari and Krishna Rivers. Cotton recalled how, from analysing the Kallanai Dam and its foundations, his group learned how to construct foundations in a sandbed.

In 1844, Cotton recommended the construction of an "anicut" (a dam made in a stream for maintaining and regulating irrigation) and prepared plans for Visakhapatnam port.

In 1847, the work on the Godavari anicut was started. In 1848 he proceeded to Australia due to ill health and handed over the charge to Captain Orr.

In 1850 he returned to India and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He succeeded in completing the magnificent project on the Godavari river at Rajamahendravaram in 1852. After completing the Godavari anicut Cotton shifted his attention to the construction of the aqueduct on Krishna River.

The project was sanctioned in 1851 and completed by 1855. After completing the Krishna and Godavari anicuts, Cotton envisaged the storage of the Krishna and Godavari river waters. In 1858, Cotton came up with even more ambitious proposals such as connecting all major rivers of India, and interlinking of canals and rivers.

He suggested drought-relief measures for Odisha. Arthur Cotton retired from service in 1860 and left India. He was knighted in 1861. He visited India in 1862 and 1863 and offered advice on some river valley projects.

His work in India was much appreciated and he was honoured with KCSI (Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India) in 1877. He became a much-revered figure in the state of Andhra Pradesh for his contribution in irrigating the area of land also known as Konaseema. Cotton died on 24 July 1899.

Cotton was hated by his administrative superiors—thanks to his loving attitudes towards the people of India. At one point, impeachment proceedings were initiated by his superiors for his dismissal.

Going through the famine and cyclone-ravaged districts of Godavari, Cotton was distressed by the sight of famished people of the Godavari districts.

It was then that he put in process his ambitious plans to harness the waters of the Godavari river for the betterment of the community. John Henry Morris in Godavari writes about the work of Cotton: The Godavari anicut is, perhaps, the noblest feat of engineering skill that has yet been accomplished in British India.

It is a gigantic barrier thrown across the river from island to island, in order to arrest the unprofitable progress of its waters to the sea and to spread them over the surface of the country on either side, thus irrigating copiously land which has hitherto been dependent on tanks or on the fitful supply of water from the river.

Large tracts of land, which had hitherto been left arid and desolate and waste, were thus reached and fertilised by innumerable streams and channels. In 1878, Cotton had to appear before a House of Commons Committee to justify his proposal to build an anicut across the Godavari.

A further hearing in the House of Commons followed by his letter to the then Secretary of State for India reveals his ambition to build the anicut across the Godavari. His letter concluded: "My Lord, one day's flow in the Godavari river during high floods is equal to one whole year's flow in the Thames of London".

Cotton almost despaired at the British Government's procrastination in taking along this project. According to Gautam Pingle, an Indian policymaker, the idea of interlinking of rivers in India to form a national water grid, an idea which had gained much attention from the Indian government and policy-makers at the turn of the 21st century, was in fact an idea that is more than 120 years old as it was first envisioned by Arthur Cotton.

Legacy in India

In recognition of Cotton's contributions, a new barrage constructed across the Godavari river, upstream of the anicut, was named after him, and dedicated to the nation by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi in 1982. He is revered in the Godavari District for making it the "rice bowl" of Andhra Pradesh. He is known as the "Delta Architect" of the Godavari District because of his pioneering work in irrigation engineering. During the Godavari Maha Pushkaram festival of 2015, homages were paid to Arthur Cotton, with Nimmala Rama Naidu, the MLA of Pallakollu, offering pinda as per Hindu ancestral rites. A statue of Arthur Cotton has been installed on Tank Bund Road in Hyderabad, along with statues of other heroes of the united Andhra state.

India at 75

Sunday, 15 August 2021 India@75 is an industry-led movement that brings together different stakeholders of society to create a morally, economically and technologically advanced country.

India@75 is a path-breaking initiative. It envisions how India should be in her 75th year of independence and seeks to bring together all stakeholders including the industry, government, institutions, community groups and individuals to translate the vision into a reality. Prof C.K.Prahalad has been the inspiration behind India@75.

While commemorating the 60th year of India,s independence, on 23 Sep 2007 during the Incredible India@60 commemoration at New York he articulated the idea of holistic three dimensional development of India to acquire enough economic strength, technological vitality and moral leadership by 75 years of independence. CII adopted his vision on 8 May 2008.

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